Morgan Pitelka. Handmade Culture: Raku Potters, Patrons, and Tea Practitioners in Japan. University of Hawaii Press, 2005.  

BLURBS


Far broader in scope than simply a book about Raku ceramics, Pitelka’s work adeptly challenges accepted notions about nearly every aspect of Raku’s history, making a major contribution to the emerging scholarly paradigm for investigating Japanese craft traditions. . . . The importance of Handmade Culture to an international understanding of Japanese culture is clear.

—www.caa.reviews.org


A superb study of the Raku house of ceramics. It emphasizes not the Momoyama origins of Raku, but the four hundred plus years of evolution that are, as Pitelka knows, responsible for Raku’s profound presence in Japanese cultural history. . . . [His] book is not a paean to Raku masterpieces, but instead performs the more significant task of identifying and discussing the issues behind this ongoing tradition. As such it defines the field and is essential reading.

—Artibus Asiae


[Pitelka’s] book brings insight and clarity to the fundamental questions that lie at the heart of our apprehension of the past.

—Impressions


An important, comprehensive, and cohesive study of raku pottery. Pitelka’s book has merit and importance for contemporary understandings based on mythnohistories, the assumptions that shape perceptions and appreciations. Handmade Culture demonstrates the value of deconstructing contexts of material culture through an analysis of institutionalized instruction, connoisseurship, and transmission of a cultural form as chanoyu shifts from a Japanese tradition to invite a global audience.

—Studies in Art Education: A Journal of Issues and Research


Pitelka has issued the first challenge to Raku orthodoxy, and his analysis is both responsible and courageous.

—Monumenta Nipponica


A meticulously researched yet highly accessible history of Raku. . . . Pitelka offers a new approach to interpreting Japanese ceramic culture, through the productive and social forces at work, and does so with considerable erudition and readability. . . . An exceptional contribution to English-language scholarship on Japanese culture.

—Crafts


In this study, Pitelka rewrites the history of Raku, calling into question the personality-centered myths surrounding the founding of this low-fire pottery tradition and offering in their place a compelling new narrative of patronage, consumption practices, and cultural significance. The historical sweep and expository clarity of his account will engage readers on many levels—not just scholars, but anyone with an interest in the arts of Japan.

—Christine Guth, Stanford University


In this eye-opening survey of 400 years of the production and consumption of Raku ware, Morgan Pitelka sheds new light on the history of the tea schools of Japan, and thus on the history of all modern Japanese culture. Armed with a deep and unsentimental knowledge of ceramics, he narrates the history of Raku within the context of the world of tea while maintaining a respectful but coolly informed distance, neatly bracketing the aesthetic and genealogical conventions that have long dominated orthodox histories of tea. The Raku method, eschewing the potter’s wheel to sculpt and carve tea bowls by hand and fire them in small kilns, is deceptive in its simplicity, which paradoxically enabled uniquely complex relationships between the potters and their Sen-school patrons. Pitelka tells an intriguing story, showing how ‘slippery historicity’ undermines orthodox genealogies, revealing that tradition is not invented but rather crafted, working constantly to adapt, compete, preserve, and innovate. The implications go beyond Raku, beyond tea, and beyond Japan, to force a rethinking of tradition itself as ‘handmade culture.

—Henry D. Smith II, Columbia University


Morgan Pitelka’s Handmade Culture, an interpretive history of the raku tradition, is both informative and innovative. It begins with the tradition’s local origin in late-sixteenth-century Kyoto, traces its emergence as a distinctive national discourse, and closes with an account of its survival in modern times. Pitelka’s attention to raku’s broader social and economic contexts, inspired by Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural production, offers a new approach to Japanese art history.

—Samuel Yamashita, Pomona College

This study of the producers, consumers, and patrons of Raku ceramics aims to interrogate the notion of “tradition” in the context of recent debates in cultural studies and history. Rather than seeing tradition as an invented product of modernity (a form of “false consciousness”), I examine the ongoing, diachronic process of inventing and reinventing the various objects and cultural practices that make up the tradition of Raku ceramics. I avoid the obsessive focus on certain luminaries in Raku and tea history that has marked previous insider studies by foregrounding the web of interactions between the Raku potters, their competitors, tea practitioners and Sen tea masters, merchants, warriors, and eventually, modernizing intellectuals. This interdisciplinary study makes innovative use of archaeological evidence, heirloom ceramics, tea diaries, letters, gazetteers, wood-block-printed books, hand-copied manuscripts, and Meiji and Taisho period publications on tea and Raku to create the first cohesive and comprehensive study of the Raku tradition to appear in any language

Timeline

The Raku Tradition originated in the late sixteenth century, and continues in Japan today. 


1558 - Hon’ami Kōetsu born

1574 - Chōjirō carves inscription into lion tile

1595 - three color lion incense burner inscription reads that Sōkei is 60 

1599 - Nonkō born, eldest son of Jōkei

1613 - Kōshin Sōsa born

1615 - Tokugawa Ieyasu grants Takagamine to Hon’ami Kōetsu

1620 - Tokugawa Hidetada’s daughter, Kazuko, marries Gomizuno’o

1626 - Tokugawa Iemitsu appointed shogun, Gomizuno’o visits him at Nijo

1629 - Bakufu prohibits female Kabuki performances

1629 - Gomizuno’o, unhappy about purple robe incident, etc, abdicates throne

1634 - Kobori Enshū hired to build garden for Gomizuno’o

1635 - Jōkei dies

1637 - Hon’ami Kōetsu dies

1640 - Ichinyū born, son of Dōnyū

1641 - Ishikawa Jōzan’s Shisendō is finished

1656/2/23 - Nonkō dies at age of 58

1658 - Sen Sōtan dies1662 - Ichigen born, son of Ichinyū

1664 - Sōnyū born in Kariganeya (Ogata) family

1665 - Sōnyū adopted by Ichinyū

1666 - Chōzaemon opens ōhi kiln in Kanazawa

1672 - Kōshin Sōsa dies

1678 - Tōfukumonin dies 

1680 - Gomizuno’o dies

1685 - Sanyū born, second son of Yamatoya Kabei

1688 - Sōnyū and adopted son write genealogical text Memorandum

1691 - Ichinyū retires; Sōnyū becomes Kichizaemon

1696/1/22 - Ichinyū dies, age 56

1708 - Sōnyū retires; Sanyū becomes Kichizaemon

1714 - Chōnyū born, eldest son of Sanyū

1716/9/3 - Sōnyū dies, age 53

1728 - Sanyū retires; Chōnyū becomes Kichizaemon

1736 – Collected Raku Ceramic Secrets is published in Osaka

1739/9/25 - Sanyū dies, age 55

1745 - Tokunyū born, eldest son of Chōnyū

1756 - Ryōnyū born, second son of Chōnyū

1762 - Chōnyū retires; Tokunyū becomes Kichizaemon

1770/9/5 - Chōnyū dies, age 57

1770 - Tokunyū retires as Sabee; Ryōnyū becomes Kichizaemon 

1774/11/10 - Tokunyū dies, age 30

1788 - the great Kyoto fire 

1795 - Tannyū born, second son of Ryōnyū

1811 - Ryōnyū retires; Tannyū becomes Kichizaemon

1817 - Keinyū born, third son of Ogawa Naohachi, sake maker in Tamba

1825 - Ryōnyū retires to ōmi

1827 - Keinyū adopted into Raku family

1834/9/17 - Ryōnyū dies in Ishiyama, age 79

1845/12/2 - Tannyū retires; Keinyū becomes Kichizaemon

1854/12/20 - Tannyū dies

1857 - Kōnyū born, son of Keinyū

1871 - Keinyū retires; Kōnyū becomes Kichizaemon

1887 - Seinyū born, eldest son of Kōnyū

1902/1/3 - Keinyū dies, age 86

1918 - Kakunyū born, eldest son of Seinyū

1919 - Kōnyū retires; Seinyū becomes Kichizaemon

1932/9/24 - Kōnyū dies, age 76

1940 - Kakunyū graduates from Tokyo Bijutsu Gakkō

1941 - Kakunyū enters the Pacific War

1941 - Seinyū holds Chōjirō 350th memorial anniversary

1944/3/8 - Seinyū dies, age 58

1945 - Kakunyū returns from war, becomes Kichizaemon XIV